Avner Ben-Ner's Homepage

Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Strategic or non-strategic responses to unethical behavior? Experimental evidence from receiver feedback in a sender-receiver deception game, Fangtingyu Hu and Avner Ben-Ner.

Lying in a Finitely Repeated Game, Avner Ben-Ner and Fangtingyu Hu, Economics Letters, 2021.
The Effects of Feedback on Lying Behavior: Experimental Evidence, Fantingyu Hu and Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, March 2020.
The Bright and Dark Sides of Altruism, in The Economics of Philanthropy, edited by Kimberley Scharf and Mirco Tonin, MIT Press, 2018.
Trento Summer School
Learned Generosity? An Experiment on Social Preferences and Parental Influence in Preschoolers, Avner Ben-Ner, John List, Louis Putterman and Anya Samek, July 2017, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2018
Is Ignorance Bliss? An Experimental Study of The Effects of Diversity on Team Performance When Members Are Ignorant of their Team’s Diversity, Avner Ben-Ner, Brian McCall, Amit Kramer and Karen Donahue, in progress
How much to donate, and to whom? The effects of framing of charitable solicitations on moral judgment
The Politics of Hope and Fear: Risk Perceptions of Good and Bad Events and Worldviews, Avner Ben-Ner and Susanne Gabrielsen, in progress
Mission Congruence and Organization Design: An Empirical Analysis, Marco A. Barranechea-Mendez and Avner Ben-Ner, July 2017, Industrial Relations
Bifurcated Effects of Place-of-Origin Diversity on Individual and Team Performance: Evidence from 10 Seasons of German Soccer, Avner Ben-Ner, John-Gabriel Licht and Jin Park, Industrial Relations, October 2017 (lead article)
The Intersection of Sex and Race in the Presence of Deep-Level Attributes, Amit Kramer and Avner Ben-Ner, Equality, diversity and inclusion: An international journal, Special Issue: Working Effectively across Differences - at the Individual, Team and Organizational Levels, 2015, 34(5): 360-375
Treadmill Workstations: The Effects of Walking while Working on Physical Activity and Work Performance, Avner Ben-Ner, Darla Hamman, Gabriel Koepp, Chimnay Manohar and James Levine, PLOS ONE, February 2014
Treadmill Desks: A one-year prospective trial, Gabriel Koepp, Chinmay Manohar, Shelly McCrady-Spitzer, Avner Ben-Ner, Darla Flint-Paulson, Carlisle Runge and James Levine, Obesity, 2013, 21(4):705-711.
Preferences and Organizational Structure: Towards Behavioral Economics Micro-Foundations of Organizational Analysis. Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly Journal Socio-Economics), 46 (2013) 87-96
The Contributions of Behavioral Economics to Understanding and Advancing the Sustainability of Worker Cooperatives, Avner Ben-Ner and Matthew Ellman, Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 2013
The Effects of Organization Design on Employee Preferences, Avner Ben-Ner and Matthew Ellman, ch. 12 in Towards a New Theory of the Firm: Humanizing the Firm and the Management Profession, Joan Enric Ricart Costa and Josep Maria Rosanas Marti, eds., Fundacion BBVA 2012:401-420.
Personality and Altruism in the Dictator Game: Relationship to Giving to Kin, Collaborators, Competitors, and Neutrals.Appendix. Avner Ben-Ner and Amit Kramer. Personality and Individual Differences, 2011 51(3):216-221.
Trusting and Trustworthiness: What Are They, How to Measure Them, and What Affects Them? Avner Ben-Ner and FreyrHalldorsson, Journal of Economic Psychology, 2010, 31(1):64-79
Lavish Returns on Cheap Talk: Non-binding Communication in a Trust Experiment, Avner Ben-Ner, Louis Putterman and Ting Ren, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly Journal of Socio-Economics), February 2011, vol. 40(1):1-13.
Identity and In-group/Out-group Differentiation in Work and Giving Behaviors: Experimental Evidence, Avner Ben-Ner, Brian McCall, Massoud Stephane and Hua Wang, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 2009, 72(1), pp. 153-170
Trust, Communication and Contracts: An Experiment, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009, 70, pp. 106-121.
Trusting, Trustworthiness, and CSR: Some Experiments and Implications, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, in Lorenzo Sacconi, Margaret Blair, Edward Freeman, and Alessandro Vercelli (eds.) Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance: The Contribution of Economic Theory and Related Disciplines, London: Palgrave MacMillan 2010.
Economic and Hypothetical Dictator Game Experiments: Incentive Effects at the Individual Level, Avner Ben-Ner, Amit Kramer and Ori Levy, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly JJournal of Socio-Economics, October 2008, pp. 1775-84.
Book Review of Political Extremism and Rationality, edited by Albert Breton, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon, and Ronald Wintrobe (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Economica, November 2005, 726-727.
Reciprocity in a Two-Part Dictator Game, Avner Ben-Ner, Louis Putterman, Fanmin Kong and Dan Magan, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, March 2004, vol. 53 no. 3, pp.333-352.
Share and Share Alike? Gender-Pairing, Personality, and Cognitive Ability as Determinants of Giving, Avner Ben-Ner, Fanmin Kong and Louis Putterman, Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(5), October 2004, pp. 581-589.
Trust in the New Economy, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, ch.45, pp. 1067-1095 in Derek C. Jones, ed., New Economy Handbook, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003.
Trusting and Trustworthiness, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, Boston Law Review, vol. 81 (3), June 2001, pp. 523-551.
On Some Implications of Evolutionary Psychology for the Study of Preferences and Institutions, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 43, 2000, pp. 91-99.
Values and Institutions in Economic Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, in Ben-Ner and Putterman, eds., Economics, Values, and Organization, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 3-72.

Books

Coauthored

with John Michael Montias and Egon Neuberger Comparative Economics (Harwood, 1994, 2013).

Co-edited

with Helmut Anheier The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approaches (Kluwer, 2003),

with Louis Putterman Economics, Values, and Organization (Cambridge, 1998/2001/2005),

with Benedetto Gui The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy (Michigan, 1993, 2016)

Political Economy and Alternative Forms of Owneship

Theoretical microfoundations of asymmetric polarization and the rise of identity enterpreneurs, in progress
The Dark Side of the Nonprofit Sector: Polarization in Contemporary Society, Avner Ben-Ner, in Civil Society: Concepts, Challenges and Contexts, edited by Michael Hoelscher, Regina A. List, Alexander Ruser, and Stefan Toepler, Springer Publishing, 2022
Reflections on the future evolution of social, nonprofit and cooperative enterprise, Avner Ben-Ner, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 89,1, 2018
Does Ownership Matter in the Selection of Service Providers? Evidence from Nursing Home Consumer Surveys,” Avner Ben-Ner, Darla Hamann and Ting Ren, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, December 2018 47(6):1271-1295. Awarded Outstanding article in Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2019
Comparing Workplace Organization Design Based on Form of Ownership: Nonprofit, For-Profit and Local Government, Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, April 2015 vol. 44 no. 2, 340-359
A Sectoral Comparison of Wage Levels and Wage Inequality in Human Services Industries, Avner Ben-Ner, Darla Flint Paulson and Ting Ren, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 49 (4), 608-633, 2011
Ownership and Quality in Markets with Asymmetric Information: Evidence from Nursing Homes, Avner Ben-Ner, Pinar Karaca-Mandic and Ting Ren, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, October 2012, 12(1), 33 pages
Effects of Different Stakeholder Groups' Strategic Control on Organizational Effectiveness and Well-Being of Customers and Employees: An Empirical Investigation, Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, in Lorenzo Sacconi, Margaret Blair, Edward Freeman, and Alessandro Vercelli (eds.) Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance: The Contribution of Economic Theory and Related Disciplines, London: Palgrave MacMillan 2010
A Comparative Study of Allocation of Decision-Making Across Stakeholder Groups: The Case of Personal Care Industries (Appendices), Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, December 2010, vol. 81(4):611-630
A Comparison of Wage Inequality in For-Profit, Nonprofit and Local Government Organizations: An Empirical Study of Nursing Homes in the Midwestern United States. Avner Ben-Ner, Ting Ren and Darla Flint Paulson , in Sergio Destefanis and Marco Musella (eds.), Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy, New York: Springer 2009
Reducing the Negative Consequences of Identity: A Potential Role for the Nonprofit Sector in the Era of Globalization, Avner Ben-Ner and Claire A. Hill, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, September/December 2008, vol. 79 (3-4), special issue of the journal's centenary
The Shifting Boundaries of the Mixed Economy and the Future of the Nonprofit Sector, Avner Ben-Ner, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, April 2002, vol. 73 (1), pp. 5-40. Excerpts from the article appeared in French translation as Les frontieres mouvantes del'economie mixte et l'avenir du secteur non lucrative in Problémes économiques (a journal of selections of articles on economic matters from French and international journals and magazines), no. 2.799, March 5, 2003, pp. 18-24. Republished in the 2008 virtual issue bringing together selected articles from APCE over the past 100 years.
Who Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector? Reforming Law and Public Policy Towards Nonprofit Organizations, Avner Ben-Ner, Yale Law Journal, vol. 104, no. 3, December 1994, pp. 731-762.
Negative Dimensions of Identity: A Research Agenda for Law and Public Policy, Avner Ben-Ner and Claire A. Hill, Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology, 2008, vol. 9(2), pp. 643-651.
For-Profit, State and Nonprofit: How to Cut the Pie among the Three Sectors, Avner Ben-Ner, in Jean-Philippe Touffut (ed.), 2006, Advancing Public Goods, Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 40-67. French edition published by Albin Michel.
Review of Governance of Not-For-Profit Organizations, by Edward L. Glaeser (ed.), (NBER-University of Chicago Press, 2004). Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2004, vol. 33 (4), December: 739-748.
The Theory of Nonprofit Organizations Revisited, Avner Ben-Ner and Benedetto Gui, in Anheier, Helmut and Avner Ben-Ner (eds.), 2003, The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approaches, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 3-26
Outsourcing by Nonprofit Organizations, Avner Ben-Ner, in Effective Economic Decision Making by Nonprofit Organizations (D. Young, ed.), New York: The Foundation Center, 2004
Shifting Boundaries: Long-Term Changes in the Size of the For-Profit, Nonprofit, Cooperative, and Government Sectors, Helmut Anheier and Avner Ben-Ner, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, special issue on Structural Changes and General Interest: Which Paradigms for the Public, Social and Cooperative Economy? (Lionel Monnier and Bernard Thiry, eds.), vol. 68, no. 3, 1997, pp. 335-353 (French, Spanish and German translations appeared simultaneously)
The Governance of Nonprofit Organizations: Law and Public Policy, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 4, no. 4, Summer 1994, pp. 393-414.
Why Do Nonprofit Organizations Engage in Barter Trade? Avner Ben-Ner, in David Hammack and Dennis Young (eds.), Nonprofit Organization in a Market Economy, Jossey-Bass, 1993, pp. 278-293
A Portrait of the Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy: New York, 1981-1987, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, in The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy (Ben-Ner and Gui, eds.), University of Michigan Press, 1993, pp. 243-266
Nonprofit Organizations in the Mixed Economy: A Demand and Supply Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1991, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 519 - 550. Reprinted in The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy(Ben-Ner and Gui, eds.), University of Michigan Press, 1993, pp. 27-58; reprinted in The Economics of Nonprofit Enterprise (Richard Steinberg, editor), The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics series, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.
An Empirical Investigation of the Joint Determination of the Size of For-Profit, Nonprofit and Government Sectors, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1992, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 392-415
The Growth of Nonprofit Sector in the 1980s: Facts and Interpretation, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, Winter 1990, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 99-116.
Birth, Change and Bureaucratization in Nonprofit Organizations: An Economic Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner, in Robert Herman (ed.), Politics, Public Policy and the Voluntary Sector, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Voluntary Action Scholars, 1987, pp. 119-137.
Nonprofit Organizations: Why Do They Exist in Market Economies? Avner Ben-Ner, in Susan Rose-Ackerman (ed.), The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions, Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 94-113.

Organization Design, Behavior & Performance

Robots and Work, Adrianto, Avner Ben-Ner and Ainhoa Urtasum, 2024 (R&R).
Sharing is Caring: Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Employee Satisfaction in U.S. Manufacturing, Adrianto, Avner Ben-Ner, Jason Sockin, and Ainhoa Urtasun 2024 (R&R).
Corporate Governance, Ownership, and the Introduction of New Technology, Adrianto and Avner Ben-Ner 2025.
The Effects of New Technologies on Work: The Case of Additive Manufacturing, Avner Ben-Ner, Ainhoa Urtasun and Bledi Taska, ILR Review 2023 /
How things are made matters: The effects of technology on the organization of work, Adrianto, Avner Ben-Ner, and Ainhoa Urtasun, WP in progress.
Identifying Intricately-Woven Endogenous and Exogenous Peer Effects in a Team with Specialized Roles: A Panel Study of Soccer Players and Teams, Akinori Kitsuki and Avner Ben-Ner. Draft, under review.
Decentralization and Localization of Production: The Organizational and Economic Consequences of Additive Manufacturing, Avner Ben-Ner and Enno Siemsen, California Management Review, 2017 (lead article). Youtube
Bifurcated Effects of Place-of-Origin Diversity on Individual and Team Performance: Evidence from 10 Seasons of German Soccer, Avner Ben-Ner, John-Gabriel Licht and Jin Park, Industrial Relations, October 2017 (lead article)
Mission Congruence and Organization Design: An Empirical Analysis, Marco A. Barranechea-Mendez and Avner Ben-Ner, July 2017, Industrial Relations
Comparing Workplace Organization Design Based on Form of Ownership: Nonprofit, For-Profit and Local Government, Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, April 2015 vol. 44 no. 2 340-359
Preferences and Organizational Structure: Towards Behavioral Economics Micro-Foundations of Organizational Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly Journal of Socio-Economics), 46 (2013) 87-96
Ownership and Quality in Markets with Asymmetric Information: Evidence from Nursing Homes, Avner Ben-Ner, Pinar Karac-Mandic and Ting Ren, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, October 1012, 12(1), 33 pages
Uncertainty, Task Environment, and Organization Design: An Empirical Investigation, Avner Ben-Ner, Fanmin Kong and Stephanie Lluis, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 82(1), April 2012:281-313
Computerization and Skill Bifurcation: The Role of Task Complexity in Creating Skill Gains and Losses, Avner Ben-Ner and Ainhoa Urtasun, ILR Review, 2013: 225-267.
Learning: What and How? An Empirical Study of Adjustments in Workplace Organization Structure, Avner Ben-Ner and Stephanie Lluis, Industrial Relations, January 2011, vol. 50(1):76-108.
A Sectoral Comparison of Wage Levels and Wage Inequality in Human Services Industries, Avner Ben-Ner, Darla Flint Paulson and Ting Ren, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 49 (4), 608-633, 2011.
The Effects of Organization Design on Employee Preferences, Avner Ben-Ner and Matthew Ellman, ch. 12 in Towards a New Theory of the Firm: Humanizing the Firm and the Management Profession, Joan Enric Ricart Costa and Josep Maria RosanasMarti, eds., Fundation BBVA 2012: 401-420.
An Empirical Investigation of the Joint Determination of the Size of For-Profit, Nonprofit and Government Sectors, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1992, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 392-415.
Nonprofit Organizations in the Mixed Economy: A Demand and Supply Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner and Theresa Van Hoomissen, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1991, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 519 - 550. Reprinted in The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy(Ben-Ner and Gui, eds.), University of Michigan Press, 1993, pp. 27-58; reprinted in The Economics of Nonprofit Enterprise (Richard Steinberg, editor), The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics series, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.
Effects of Different Stakeholder Groups' Strategic Control on Organizational Effectiveness and Well-Being of Customers and Employees: An Empirical Investigation, Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, forthcoming in Lorenzo Sacconi, Margaret Blair, Edward Freeman, and Alessandro Vercelli (eds.) Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance: The Contribution of Economic Theory and Related Disciplines, London: Palgrave MacMillan 2010.
The Organization of Work: Changes and Their Consequences, Avner Ben-Ner, Tzu-Shian Han, Fanmin Kong, Nien-Chi Liu, and Yong-Seung Park, Nordic Journal of Political Economy, vol. 27(2), 2002. Chinese translation in Human Capital (Beijing).
A Comparative Study of Allocation of Decision-Making Across Stakeholder Groups: The Case of Personal Care Industries, (Appendices) Avner Ben-Ner and Ting Ren, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, December 2010, vol. 81(4): 611-630.
A Comparison of Wage Inequality in For-Profit, Nonprofit and Local Government Organizations: An Empirical Study of Nursing Homes in the Midwestern United States. Avner Ben-Ner, The Governance ofTing Ren and Darla Flint Paulson , in Sergio Destefanis and Marco Musella (eds.), Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy, New York: Springer 2009.
Book Review of Affiliation in tWhy Do Nonprofithe Workplace: Value Creation in the New Organization, by Ron Eldson (Praeger Publishers). Devasheesh Bhave and Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Asian Economics, 2005.
Time Away from Work after Injury: Unions and the Duration of Non-Work Spell in the Workers' Compensation Insurance System, Avner Ben-Ner and Yong-Seung Park, Economic and Industrial Democracy, August 2003, vol. 24 (3)
Employee Participation in Ownership: An Empirical Exploration, Avner Ben-Ner, W. Allen Burns, Greg Dow and Louis Putterman, in Margaret Blair and Thomas A. Kochan (eds.), The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation, Brookings Institution Press, 2000, 194-240.
Religious Institutions and the Economics of Religion: Comment, Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), 1997, 150-158
Employee Buyout in a Bargaining Game with Asymmetric Information, Avner Ben-Ner and Byoung JunAn Empirical Investigation, American Economic Review, vol. 86, no. 3, June 1996, pp.502-523.
Employee Participation, Ownership, and Productivity: A Theoretical Framework, Avner Ben-Ner and Derek Jones, Industrial Relations, vol. 34, no. 4, October 1995, pp. 532-554
Productivity Effects of Employee Participation: A review of the Literature, Avner Ben-Ner, Tzu-Shian Han and Derek Jones, in Ugo Pagano and Robert E. Rowthorn (eds.), Democracy and Efficiency in Economic EnteBirth, Change andBirth, Change andrprises, Routledge, 1996, pp. 209-244.
Organizational Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe: A Comparative Perspective, Avner Ben-Ner, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, vol. 64, no. 3, 1993, pp. 328 - 365 (simultaneously published, by special arrangement, by Cooperatives et Developpement, vol. 25, no. 1, 1993 - 1994, pp. 47 - 74).
Basic Issues in Organizations: A Comparative Perspective, Avner Ben-Ner, J. Michael Montias and Egon Neuberger, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 17, no. 2, June 1993, pp. 207 - 242. Reprinted in Comparative Economic Systems (Paul Dragos Aligica, and Peter Boettke, eds.), The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., forthcoming 2017.
Cooperation, Conflict, and Control in Organizations, Avner Ben-Ner, in Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis and Bo Gustafsson (eds.), Democracy and Markets: Participation, Accountability, and Efficiency, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 199-216.
What Happens When Unions Run Firms? Unions as Employee Representatives and as Employers, Avner Ben-Ner and Saul Estrin, Journal of Comparative Economics, March 1991, vol. 15, pp. 65 - 87.
The Introduction of Markets in a Hypercentralized Economy: The Case of Romania, Avner Ben-Ner and J. Michael Montias, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 5, no. 4, Fall 1991, pp. 163-170.
The Feasibility of Planned Market Systems: The Yugoslav Visible Hand and Negotiated Planning, Avner Ben-Ner and EgonNeuberger, Journal of Comparative Economics, December 1990, vol. 14, pp. 768 - 790.
The Life Cycle of Worker-Owned Firms in Market Economies: A Theoretical Analysis, Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 10, October 1988, pp. 287 - 313. Reprinted in Producer Cooperatives and Labor-Managed Systems (David Prychitko and Jaroslav Vanek, eds.), The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1996.
Comparative Empirical Observations on Worker-Owned and Capitalist Firms, Avner Ben-Ner, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 6, March 1988, pp. 7-31.
Towards an Economic Theory of the Firm in the Centrally Planned Economy: Transaction Costs, Internalization and Externalization, Avner Ben-Ner and Egon Neuberger, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economies, vol. 144, December 1988, pp. 839 - 848.
Preferences in Communal Organizations, Avner Ben-Ner, Economica, vol. 54, May 1987, pp. 207-221
Producer Cooperatives: Why Do They Exist in Capitalist Economies? Avner Ben-Ner, in Walter Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, Yale University Press, 1987, pp. 434-449.
On the Stability of the Cooperative Type of Organization, Avner Ben-Ner, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 8, September 1984, pp.247-260.